PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ANTIVENIN STUDIES ON LEAVES OF SECURINEGA VIROSA (ROXB EX WILLD) BAILL
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
ABSTRACT
7 Securinega virosa (Roxb ex Willd) Baill (Euphorbiaceae) is a small, deciduous, graceful shrub that is widely distributed in Africa. It is used to treat snakebites, syphilis, rheumatism and malaria. Plant based medicines are limited in use because of inadequate standardization. Major snakebite envenomings and fatalities occur in tropical regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa. Leaf pharmacognostic standards and antivenin potentials of n-hexane (8.00g), ethyl acetate (11.22g) and methanol (46.64g) extracts of Securinega virosa on Naja nigricollis venom were studied. The pharmacognostic studies to determine the leaf microscopic features such as stomata, trichomes, vascular bundles, calcium oxalates, stomatal index, stomatal number, palisade ratio, vein islet number and vein termination number. Physical constants such as moisture constant, ash values, and water and alcohol extractive values were determined. And, chemomicroscopical studies for detection of features cell wall materials and cell inclusions were also carried out. These include; cellulose, inulin, suberin/cuticle, gum and mucilage, starch grain, aleurone grain, calcium oxalates and calcium carbonate. The preliminary and the thin layer chromatographic phytochemical screening and the fingerprinting were also conducted. The antivenin studies were divided into in vitro phospholipase A2 assay, acute toxicity, in vivo modulatory activity which is a rodent lethality test assay in mice and histopathological study. The leaf possessed abaxial anomocytic stomata, few trichomes and prism of calcium oxalate. Stomatal number; 56 and stomatal index; 13, palisade ratio; 20, vein termination number; 6, vein islet number; 3 were determined as quantitative microscopic leaf constants. Chemo-microscopically, the leaf was found to contain cellulose, lignin, suberin, gum and mucilage (as cell wall materials). The ergastic substances observed include: starch grains, calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate, inulin and tannins, while aleurone grain was absent. Moisture, total ash and acid insoluble ash were found to be 5.6%, 11.7% and 1.2% respectively. Ethanol extractive and water extractive 8 values were found to be 22.00% and 34.00% respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts revealed the presence of steroids/triterpenes and deoxy sugars in all the three extracts. In addition, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids were present in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts respectively. The thin layer chromatographic fingerprints of n-hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts revealed eleven (11) spots in hexane: ethyl acetate (9:1), fourteen (14) spots in hexane: ethyl acetate (13:7) and eleven (11) spots in butanol: acetic acid: water (10:1:1). The thin layer phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins and triterpenes/ steroids but absence of flavonoids and anthraquinones in n-hexane and methanol extracts. Phenols, saponins and steroids/ triterpenes were present but absence of alkaloids, anthraquinones and flavonoids were noted in ethylacetate extract. N-Hexane extract produced the best protection against lethal dose (9.55mg) of Naja nigricollis venom which is significant at 20mg/kg at p-value < 0.05. Histopathology of brain, lungs, heart, liver and kidneys shows a near normal feature of the various organs examined after treatment of mice Important pharmacognostic characters were determined for proper identification of Securinega virosa, while the extracts presented a significant protection against venom of Naja nigricollis toxicity in mice.
Related Project Materials
UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION IN NIGERIA
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Undoubtedly, parts of the macroeconomic goals which the government strives to achieve are the ma...
INFLUENCE OF COMMUNITY RADIO IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out on the influence of community Radio in agricultural development using Caritas...
THE NIGERIAN POLICE AND CRIME MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This study examines the ways in which police authorities manage their personnel, as well as th...
CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS
INTRODUCTION
The term ‘Biodiv...
RESIDENTIAL RENT DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN TOWN CENTER AND PERI-URBAN IN BUKURU, PLATEAU STATE
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the differentials that exist in rents between town center and peri-urban in bukuru. It...
MALARIA PARASITE AND IT'S EFFECT TO HUMAN HEALTH
ABSTRACT
The detection of malaria parasite in the blood, which is as the major aim of this project was carried out and e...
APPRAISAL OF METHOD OF TEACHING BUSINESS STUDIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOL
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Business Education programs are part of the total educational program in Nigeri...
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE CONCEPT OF INSIDER TRADING UNDER NIGERIAN COMPANY LAW
ABSTRACT
Insider trading has been understood to the act of dealing in unpublished price sensitive information and it is...
THE PRACTICE OF STAFF SELECTION AND INDUCTION IN UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC
ABSTRACT
With the rapid development of today’s global market, organizations are continuously seeking ways to grow...
THE ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY
ABSTRACT
This project is on ‘’the assessment of Human Resource Development in enhancin...
